Private institutions, also known as independent schools, were founded to provide education and equip African Americans for the work force and largely served this function until African-American land-grant institutions were established in 1890. Some, though not all, of these institutions became full-fledged colleges and universities. Among these schools are Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute (later Tuskegee University) in Alabama (1881), Haines Normal and Industrial Institute in Savannah (1883), National Training School for Women and Girls in Washington, D.C. (1901), Palmer Memorial Institute in Sedalia, North Carolina (1901), and Daytona Normal and Industrial Institute for Girls (later Bethune-Cookman University) in Florida (1904).