In 1907 Anna T. Jeanes, a philanthropist and teacher in Philadelphia, gave $1 million to Booker T. Washington (founder and president of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama) and Hollis B. Frissell (of Hampton Institute in Virginia) to strengthen rural schools for blacks in the South. Through the Fund for Rudimentary Schools for Southern Negroes, or the Jeanes Fund, the program supported industrial teachers who moved from school to school and taught industrial and utilitarian subjects. Later the program provided master teachers, or Jeanes teachers, who supervised other teachers in the schools. The program operated from 1908 until 1968, at which time counties assumed that responsibility and paid teachers’ salaries.