Wartime radio broadcasts by a woman called Tokyo Rose were an Axis propaganda effort intended to weaken the resolve of American and Allied troops. The Japanese pressed into service Allied POWs and a woman named Iva Toguri d’Aquino (a U.S. citizen caught in wartime Japan) to read over the radio what were intended to be demoralizing messages to the Allied troops. Originating in Japan and heard by soldiers and sailors in the Pacific, the broadcasts were either disregarded by their intended audience or were found mildly amusing. Though d’Aquino was later convicted of treason, in 1977 President Gerald Ford issued an unconditional pardon in the case, which was built on “tainted” facts. The Axis powers did the same sort of broadcasts from Germany where “Axis Sally” aired messages that were heard throughout Europe.