There are numerous examples of how mathematical models are used by chemical engineers—too many to mention them all here. One good example is modeling crystal growth: Liquids—from water to molten metals—become crystalline solids as they are cooled. Engineers can mathematically design software that helps in the manufacture of superior crystalline growth, especially for electronics and other industries. These improved crystal forms advance the quality of electronic hardware, including computers, and help engineers design better alloys for a wide range of applications.