William James (1842–1910) built on Charles Peirce’s (1839–1914) pragmaticist ideas to create a more humanistic form of pragmatism. James was also the founder of modern psychology as a science independent of subjective introspection. His principal works include The Principles of Psychology (1890), The Will to Believe and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy (1897), The Varieties of Religious Experience (1901–1902), and Pragmatism (1907).