Cloninger’s concept of character is very similar to the schema approach described above. He believed character to involve learned patterns of interacting with the environment, reflecting concepts of the world that were in large part formed in early childhood. Cloninger proposed three character traits: self-directedness, (initiative, responsibility, and personal agency); cooperativeness (helpfulness, pro-social orientation); and self-transcendance (spiritually-inclined, able to rise above self-absorption). His Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) is a self-report questionnaire with seven scales measuring the four temperament and three character dimensions.