After the European Renaissance (fifteenth to sixteenth centuries) brought a sea change of cultural and intellectual values, attention was drawn away from the world beyond and back to this world. Philosophers started to revisit the questions asked by the ancient Greeks and then built upon those ideas to create a new way of seeing the mind. While psychology per se did not exist yet, philosophy was beginning to lay the groundwork for what would later become psychology. Philosophers of note included René Descartes (1596–1650), Benedict de Spinoza (1632–1677), Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679), and John Locke (1632–1704).