Guion S. Bluford Jr. (1942–), became the first African American to fly in space during the space shuttle Challenger mission STS–8 (August 30-September 5, 1983). Astronaut Bluford, who holds a Ph.D. in aerospace engineering, made a second shuttle flight aboard Challenger mission STS–61-A/Spacelab D1 (October 30-November 6, 1985). The first black man to fly in space was Cuban cosmonaut Arnaldo Tamayo-Mendez, who was aboard Soyuz 38 and spent eight days aboard the Soviet space station Salyut 6 during September 1980. Dr. Mae C. Jemison became the first African American woman in space on September 12, 1992 aboard the space shuttle Endeavour mission Spacelab-J.