The Harlem Renaissance reflects the work of many black leaders as well as white patrons of the arts. Black luminaries of this period included patrons and supporters W.E.B. Du Bois and James Weldon Johnson, who contributed as writers as well; scholar and critic Alain Locke, who has been called the leading intellectual of this period; literary artists such as Arna Bontemps, Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Nella Larsen, Jessie Redmon Fauset, Claude McKay, and Jean Toomer; actors Charles Gilpin and Florence Mills; musicians Cab Calloway, Duke Ellington, Fletcher Henderson, Jelly Roll Morton (Ferdinand Joseph LaMothe), and King Oliver; visual artists Aaron Douglas, Meta Warrick Fuller, and Augusta Savage; independent filmmakers such as Oscar Micheaux; and many others.